{"id":51164,"date":"2025-08-25T09:45:05","date_gmt":"2025-08-25T01:45:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.abesmoke.com\/?p=51164"},"modified":"2025-08-25T09:47:13","modified_gmt":"2025-08-25T01:47:13","slug":"%e9%95%8d%e5%92%8c%e9%93%ac%e5%85%83%e7%b4%a0%e5%9c%a8%e5%8f%91%e7%83%ad%e4%b8%9d%e5%90%88%e9%87%91%e6%9d%90%e6%96%99%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e4%bd%9c%e7%94%a8-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.abesmoke.com\/en\/a\/51164","title":{"rendered":"The role of nickel and chromium elements in heating wire alloy materials"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nickel-chromium heating wire, as its name suggests, is a high-temperature electric heating alloy material made by smelting nickel, chromium and other elements in a certain proportion. It is also one of the common alloy materials for electronic cigarette heating wires.<\/p>\n

\"\u56fe\u7247\"<\/section>\n

Generally, the chromium (Cr) content ranges from 15% to 30%, and the nickel (Ni) content ranges from 29% to 80%. These alloys exhibit an austenitic microstructure. Based on their composition, they are mainly categorized into types such as Cr20Ni80, Cr30Ni70, Cr15Ni60, Cr20Ni35, and Cr20Ni30.<\/p>\n

From the above, it can be seen that the main elemental components of nichrome heating wire are nickel and chromium. The following will introduce the roles played by the nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) elements in nichrome heating wire.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bI. The Role of Nickel (Ni) in Alloys\u200b<\/strong><\/span>\u200b<\/p>\n

Nickel strengthens ferrite and refines pearlite in alloys. The overall effect is an increase in strength, with no significant impact on plasticity.<\/p>\n

Generally speaking, for low-carbon steels that do not require quenching and tempering processes and are used in the rolled, normalized, or annealed state, a certain amount of nickel can enhance the alloy's strength without significantly reducing its toughness. According to statistics, an increase of 1% in nickel content can raise the strength by approximately 29.41 Pa.<\/p>\n

As the nickel content increases, the yield strength of the alloy improves more rapidly than its tensile strength. Therefore, the yield ratio of nickel-containing steels can be higher than that of ordinary carbon steels. While nickel enhances the strength of the alloy, it has less adverse effect on toughness, plasticity, and other processing properties compared to other alloying elements.<\/p>\n

\"\u56fe\u7247\"\u954d\u77ff\u77f3<\/span><\/p>\n

For medium-carbon steels, nickel lowers the pearlite transformation temperature, resulting in finer pearlite. Additionally, because nickel reduces the carbon content at the eutectoid point, compared to carbon steels with the same carbon content, nickel-containing steels have a higher volume fraction of pearlite. This leads to greater strength in pearlite-ferrite steels that contain nickel, compared to carbon steels with the same carbon content.<\/p>\n

Conversely, if the same strength level is required, the carbon content in nickel-containing steels can be appropriately reduced. This reduction in carbon content helps to improve the steel\u2019s toughness and plasticity. Nickel also enhances the steel\u2019s resistance to fatigue and reduces its sensitivity to notches. Moreover, nickel lowers the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of steel, which is of great significance for steels used in low-temperature environments.<\/p>\n

Steels containing 3.5% nickel can be used at temperatures as low as \u2013100\u202f\u00b0C, while those with 9% nickel can operate at \u2013196\u202f\u00b0C. However, nickel does not improve the steel\u2019s resistance to creep, and therefore it is generally not used as a strengthening element in heat-resistant steels.<\/p>\n

In iron-nickel alloys with high nickel content, the coefficient of linear expansion changes significantly with variations in nickel content. This characteristic can be utilized to design and produce precision alloys and bimetallic materials with either extremely low or specific coefficients of thermal expansion.<\/p>\n

In addition, the addition of nickel to steel not only improves its resistance to acids but also enhances its resistance to alkalis, as well as to atmospheric corrosion and salt. Nickel is one of the important elements in stainless acid-resistant steels.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200b(1) Effects on the Microstructure and Heat Treatment of Steel\u200b<\/strong><\/span>\u200b<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bA.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b Nickel and iron form unlimited solid solutions. Nickel expands the austenite phase field of iron \u2014 it raises the A\u2084 point (the temperature at which austenite begins to form on cooling) and lowers the A\u2083 point (the temperature at which austenite begins to transform to ferrite on cooling). As a result, nickel is a major alloying element for forming and stabilizing austenite.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bB.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b Nickel does not form carbides with carbon.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bC.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b Nickel reduces the carbon content of eutectoid (pearlitic) structures. Its effect in this regard is second only to nitrogen and stronger than that of manganese.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u200b\u200b(2) Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Steel\u200b<\/strong><\/span>\u200b<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bA.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b Nickel strengthens ferrite and refines and increases the amount of pearlite, thereby improving the strength of steel without significantly affecting its plasticity.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bB.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b The carbon content in nickel-containing steel can be appropriately reduced, which helps to improve the steel\u2019s toughness and plasticity.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bC.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b Nickel enhances the steel\u2019s resistance to fatigue and reduces its sensitivity to notches (i.e., stress concentrations).<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bD.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b Because nickel does not significantly improve the hardenability or tempering stability of steel, its role in quenched and tempered (\u8c03\u8d28) steels is relatively limited.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bE.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b Nickel lowers the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of steel. For example, steel containing 3.5% nickel can be used at \u2013100\u202f\u00b0C, and steel with 9% nickel can operate at \u2013196\u202f\u00b0C.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u200b(3) Effects on the Physical, Chemical, and Processing Properties of Steel\u200b<\/strong><\/span>\u200b<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bA.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b Nickel significantly reduces the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of steel.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bB.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b Austenitic steels with less than 30% nickel exhibit \u200b\u200bparamagnetism\u200b<\/strong>\u200b (i.e., they are non-magnetic or \"non-magnetic steels\"). In contrast, Fe-Ni alloys with more than 30% nickel are important \u200b\u200bprecision soft magnetic materials\u200b<\/strong>\u200b.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bC.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b Steels with more than 15\u201320% nickel exhibit high resistance to corrosion by sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, but they are not resistant to nitric acid. Overall, nickel-containing steels possess a certain degree of resistance to acids, alkalis, salts, and atmospheric corrosion. Low-alloy nickel steels also offer good resistance to corrosion fatigue. However, nickel-containing steels are prone to \u200b\u200bheat brittleness\u200b\u200b and \u200b\u200berosive porosity\u200b\u200b when heated in atmospheres containing sulfur or carbon monoxide.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bD.\u200b\u200b High-nickel steels should be welded using \u200b\u200baustenitic welding electrodes\u200b\u200b to prevent cracking.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bE.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b Nickel-containing steels are prone to defects such as \u200b\u200bbanding and \u200b\u200bflakes \u200b\u200b, which should be prevented through proper process control during production.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u200b\u200b(4) Applications of Nickel in Steel\u200b<\/strong><\/span>\u200b<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bA.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b Pure nickel steels (steels with nickel as the primary alloying element) are used only in cases where \u200b\u200bexceptionally high impact toughness\u200b\u200b or operation at \u200b\u200bvery low temperatures\u200b\u200b is required.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bB.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b In mechanical manufacturing, nickel-chromium or nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels \u2014 after proper heat treatment \u2014 achieve a favorable balance of strength and toughness. Nickel-containing steels are especially suitable for parts that require \u200b\u200bsurface carburizing\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bC.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b In \u200b\u200b<\/strong>high-alloy austenitic stainless and heat-resistant steels\u200b\u200b, nickel acts as an \u200b\u200baustenitizing element\u200b\u200b, contributing to excellent overall performance. These include mainly \u200b\u200bNi-Cr series steels\u200b\u200b, as well as \u200b\u200bCr-Mn-N\u200b\u200b, \u200b\u200bCr-Al-Si\u200b\u200b, and \u200b\u200bFe-Al-Mn\u200b\u200b steels. In some applications, these can replace \u200b\u200bCr-Ni series steels\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bD.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b Due to the \u200b\u200bscarcity of nickel\u200b\u200b and its status as an \u200b\u200bimportant strategic material\u200b\u200b, its use as an alloying element in steel should be \u200b\u200bminimized or avoided\u200b\u200b whenever possible \u2014 unless the desired performance characteristics \u200b\u200bcannot be achieved using other alloying elements\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bII. The Role of Chromium (Cr) in Alloys\u200b<\/strong><\/span>\u200b<\/p>\n

Chromium enhances the \u200b\u200bhardenability\u200b\u200b of alloys and contributes to \u200b\u200bsecondary hardening\u200b\u200b. It increases the \u200b\u200bhardness and wear resistance\u200b\u200b of high-carbon steels without making the steel brittle. When the chromium content exceeds \u200b\u200b12%\u200b\u200b, the steel acquires good \u200b\u200bhigh-temperature oxidation resistance\u200b\u200b and resistance to corrosion by oxidizing media. Chromium also improves the \u200b\u200bthermal strength\u200b\u200b of steel, making it one of the \u200b\u200bprimary alloying elements in stainless acid-resistant steels and heat-resistant steels\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

In carbon steels, chromium increases the \u200b\u200bstrength and hardness\u200b\u200b in the as-rolled condition, but it \u200b\u200breduces elongation and reduction of area\u200b\u200b (i.e., it reduces ductility and plasticity). However, when the chromium content exceeds \u200b\u200b15%\u200b\u200b, the strength and hardness tend to decrease, while the elongation and reduction of area improve accordingly. Parts made of chromium-containing steel can achieve \u200b\u200bhigher surface finish quality during grinding\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bIn quenched and tempered structural steels\u200b\u200b, the primary role of chromium is to \u200b\u200benhance hardenability\u200b\u200b, enabling the steel to achieve better \u200b\u200bcomprehensive mechanical properties\u200b\u200b after the quenching and tempering process. In \u200b\u200bcarburizing steels\u200b\u200b, chromium can form \u200b\u200bchromium-containing carbides\u200b\u200b, which improve the \u200b\u200bwear resistance of the material\u2019s surface\u200b\u200b. Additionally, \u200b\u200bchromium-containing spring steels\u200b\u200b are less prone to \u200b\u200bdecarburization\u200b\u200b during heat treatment.<\/p>\n

Chromium improves the \u200b\u200bwear resistance, hardness, and red hardness (hot hardness)\u200b\u200b of tool steels, and it provides \u200b\u200bgood tempering stability\u200b\u200b. In \u200b\u200belectric heating alloys\u200b\u200b, chromium enhances the alloy\u2019s \u200b\u200boxidation resistance, electrical resistivity, and strength\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

\"\u56fe\u7247\"<\/section>\n

\u200b\u200b(1) Effects on the Microstructure and Heat Treatment of Steel\u200b<\/strong><\/span>\u200b<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bA.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b Chromium forms a \u200b\u200bcontinuous solid solution\u200b\u200b with iron and \u200b\u200bnarrows the austenite phase region\u200b\u200b. It forms various \u200b\u200bcarbides with carbon\u200b\u200b, exhibiting a \u200b\u200bhigher affinity for carbon than iron and manganese, but lower than tungsten and molybdenum\u200b\u200b. Chromium and iron can also form the intermetallic compound \u200b\u200b\u03c3-phase (FeCr)\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bB.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b Chromium \u200b\u200breduces the carbon concentration in pearlite\u200b\u200b and the \u200b\u200bmaximum solubility of carbon in austenite\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bC.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b Chromium \u200b\u200bslows down the decomposition of austenite\u200b\u200b and \u200b\u200bsignificantly improves the hardenability\u200b\u200b of steel. However, it also \u200b\u200bincreases the tendency toward temper brittleness\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(2) Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Steel\u200b<\/strong><\/span>\u200b<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bA<\/strong>.\u200b\u200b Chromium \u200b\u200bincreases the strength and hardness\u200b\u200b of steel, and this effect becomes \u200b\u200bmore pronounced when combined with other alloying elements\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bB.\u200b\u200b<\/strong> Chromium \u200b\u200bsignificantly raises the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature\u200b\u200b of steel.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bC.\u200b\u200b<\/strong> In high-chromium Fe-Cr alloys, if the \u200b\u200b\u03c3-phase precipitates\u200b\u200b, the \u200b\u200bimpact toughness drops sharply\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u200b\u200b(3) Effects on the Physical, Chemical, and Processing Properties of Steel\u200b<\/strong><\/span>\u200b<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bA.\u200b\u200b<\/strong> Chromium \u200b\u200benhances the wear resistance\u200b\u200b of steel, and parts made from chromium steel can achieve a \u200b\u200bhigh surface finish\u200b\u200b after grinding.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bB.\u200b\u200b<\/strong> Chromium \u200b\u200blowers the electrical conductivity\u200b\u200b of steel and \u200b\u200breduces the temperature coefficient of electrical resistance\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bC.\u200b<\/strong>\u200b Chromium \u200b\u200bincreases the coercivity and residual magnetism\u200b\u200b of steel, making it widely used in the production of \u200b\u200bpermanent magnet steels\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bD.\u200b\u200b<\/strong> Chromium promotes the formation of a \u200b\u200bpassivation film\u200b\u200b on the steel surface. When present in sufficient amounts, it \u200b\u200bsignificantly improves the corrosion resistance\u200b\u200b of steel, especially against \u200b\u200bnitric acid\u200b\u200b. However, if \u200b\u200bchromium carbides precipitate\u200b\u200b, the corrosion resistance of the steel may \u200b\u200bdecrease\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bE.\u200b\u200b<\/strong> Chromium \u200b\u200benhances the oxidation resistance\u200b\u200b of steel.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bF.\u200b\u200b<\/strong> In chromium steels, \u200b\u200bdendritic segregation\u200b\u200b is more likely to occur, which can \u200b\u200breduce plasticity\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bG.\u200b\u200b<\/strong> Since chromium \u200b\u200breduces the thermal conductivity\u200b\u200b of steel, \u200b\u200bheating during hot working should be done slowly\u200b\u200b, and \u200b\u200bforgings or rolled products should be cooled gradually\u200b\u200b after processing.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(4) Applications of Chromium in Steel\u200b<\/strong><\/span>\u200b<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bA.\u200b\u200b<\/strong> In \u200b\u200balloy structural steels\u200b\u200b, chromium is primarily used to \u200b\u200bimprove hardenability\u200b\u200b, and it also helps form \u200b\u200bchromium-containing carbides on carburized surfaces\u200b\u200b to enhance \u200b\u200bwear resistance\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bB.\u200b\u200b<\/strong> In \u200b\u200bspring steels\u200b\u200b, chromium contributes to the \u200b\u200boverall performance\u200b\u200b when combined with other alloying elements.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bC.<\/strong>\u200b\u200b In \u200b\u200bbearing steels\u200b\u200b, chromium is mainly valued for the \u200b\u200bwear resistance provided by its special carbides\u200b\u200b, as well as the \u200b\u200bhigh surface finish\u200b\u200b achievable after grinding.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bD.\u200b\u200b<\/strong> In \u200b\u200btool steels and high-speed steels\u200b\u200b, chromium is primarily used to \u200b\u200benhance wear resistance\u200b\u200b, and it also provides \u200b\u200bcertain tempering stability and toughness\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

\u200b\u200bE.\u200b\u200b<\/strong> In \u200b\u200bstainless steels and heat-resistant steels\u200b\u200b, chromium is often used \u200b\u200bin combination with manganese, nitrogen, nickel, etc.\u200b\u200b When forming \u200b\u200baustenitic steels\u200b\u200b, there must be a proper ratio between \u200b\u200bchromium (which stabilizes ferrite)\u200b\u200b and \u200b\u200bmanganese\/nickel (which stabilize austenite)\u200b\u200b \u2014 for example, in \u200b\u200bCr18Ni9 stainless steel\u200b\u200b.<\/p>\n

\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u677e\u6cf0\u7535\u5de5<\/span><\/p>\n

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